فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 57، زمستان 1401)

Today’s urban sprawl is a more challenging issue because urban physical development planning is a basic necessity of urban development plans. This phenomenon is caused by different factors that interact, and one of the strategies of management, control, and decreasing adverse effects is identifying these influencing factors in the emergence of urban sprawl. Therefore, recognizing the effective factors in the formation and expansion of cities can be helpful in the suitable selection decisions for their future. As the country's capital in the past years, Tehran experienced physical growth. Because sprawl benefits and encroachment around land caused some crudity in the city's physical growth, understanding this city's mechanisms of physical expansion is the critical goal of this research.

This research is a descriptive analytic one. In this regard, summative data of smart growth include average floor, compression ratio, residential average occupancy level, residential net density (persons per hectare), average residential area (square meters), residential land area (thousand square meters), gross population density (persons per hectare) have been analyzed. Also, the number of residential plots in 14 neighborhoods of district 2 of Tehran municipality using ELECTRE and ENTROPY has been assessed.

The research showed the ranking of 14 neighborhoods in the 2nd district of Tehran from the view of density indicators based on the Elector model. So that the first to fourth neighborhoods, located in the northern part of the region, with a number of 10 to 12 predominance, have a better situation in terms of density indicators.

The increase in density in the 2nd district of Tehran has been associated with negative consequences instead of positive results, regardless of the network structures of roads, accesses, and development of public transportation. Although policies to increase density have been taken in recent years, the lack of establishment of appropriate structures, especially in user distribution areas and the transportation system's defects, have caused severe disturbances. So, in this situation, the intensive growth of the city can be called a weak and incomplete approach.

Empowering means encouraging people to participate more in decisions that affect their activities, that is, providing space for individuals so that they can create good ideas and turn them into action (Evans,2010:234245) . So, with these intellectual and cultural revolutions in the village, the purpose of Futurology is to: first, address the present, is what shapes the future; secondly, thinking about the future plays the role of recognizing the situation, that is, helping people Detect yourself in the present and know where they are now. Thirdly, the results of Futurology allow individuals to measure their current demands with future demands. (Shaban,2013:69).

The present research is applied in a descriptive-analytical manner in terms of its nature and method. Information about the background of the research and the subject matter were prepared through documentary and library studies and inferential findings were made field by using questionnaires, interviews and visits. The statistical population of the study consisted of all rural households in Sistan region using aspermman tests and simultaneous regression in SPSS software to answer the research question. Also, GIS software was used to study the Futurology of scenario analysis and spatial analysis and drawing maps.

35% of respondents from villagers in Hirmand city, 15% of villagers in Hamoon city, 25% of villagers in Zahak city, 10% of villagers in Zabol city and 15% of villagers in Nimroz city; 76.9% of respondents were men and 23.1% Women have formed. Therefore, the villages of Karbask, Jazink and Jalali with average of 2.19, 1.94 and 1.88 have got first to third rank of socio-economic potentials Among economic indicators, early-stage occupations, handicrafts and low-interest credit loans with averages of 3.68, 3.55 and 3.39, respectively, are ranked first to third in economic empowerment of villagers in their livelihoods. Among the social indicators, social participation, existence of service centers - extension and financial and financial security with averages of 3.64, 3.9 and 3.7, respectively, with first to third rank in social empowerment of villagers in changing their livelihoods Are effective. Economic empowerment of villagers has a significant effect on changing the livelihood pattern of villagers. Correlation between independent variable and dependent variable is equal to 302/0 and the coefficient of determination is 551%, and this value shows that 55% of the changes of economic empowerment of villagers are effective in changing their livelihood pattern. And social empowerment of villagers also have a significant effect on changing the livelihood pattern of villagers The correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable is equal to 112 and the coefficient of determination is 0.031 and this figure shows that 11% of the social empowerment changes of the villagers is effective in changing their livelihood pattern.

Economic empowerment of villagers has a significant effect on changing the livelihood pattern of villagers. The promotion of a unit of economic empowerment strategy will improve the standard deviation of the standard deviation of the standard deviation of the standard deviation of the livelihood model, thus having a positive relationship. Social empowerment of the villagers also has a significant effect on changing the livelihood pattern of villagers. And promotion of a unit of social empowerment strategy will be enhanced by a standard deviation of standard deviation of livelihoods.

The quality of the living environment has various dimensions. One of the most important is the quality of housing, which meets the various individual, social, cultural, psychological and physical needs of residents. Visual quality is one of the types of housing quality that this study, while pointing to its meaning, intends to evaluate this issue in Shiraz apartment housing as the southern metropolis of the country according to its specific geographical location with appropriate indicators. The indices are analyzed in a general way by the syntax of the space and by Depthmp and Graph software and mathematical relations. The statistical population includes 50 types of residential apartment plans from the three regions of Shiraz that have the largest number of residential apartments. In the present study, based on the studies conducted, in addition to providing suggestions to improve the visual quality of housing, a suitable schematic model of apartment housing is also presented and it was found that the direct connection of kitchen or living room with terrace with more visibility and control of public spaces Home to this space, while emphasizing it, is an effective factor in creating the desired visual quality of apartment housing.

The process of globalization has affected all aspects of human life. Urban spaces are also affected in both environmental and behavioral dimensions. This study examines the relationship between environment and behavior with a probabilistic approach. The main purpose is to analyze the impact of the globalization process on the behavioral patterns of citizens in public spaces and to provide a comprehensive theory about it. The main question of the research is how the patterns of citizens' behavior in the central context of Rasht have changed due to globalization? To answer this question, the method of grounded theory is used. The interviewees were identified purposefully using the snowball technique. Finally, using line-by-line analysis of conversations in the open coding stage, 537 codes were extracted from 15 detailed interviews with experts in the field of research and finally 18 categories were identified. In the axial coding stage, a paradigm model was used to organize the connections between categories. Also, in the selective coding stage, the proposed design was refined. Findings show that the impact of globalization exists in all three aspects of human activities in urban spaces (optional, social, necessary) and occurs in the form of physical, environmental, socio-cultural and political components. According to the analysis, the central public space of Rasht has been updated both physically and in terms of globalization. More invitations to the public space of Rasht city center, more stops and pauses in it, new behaviors, peer hangouts, group games with strangers, sitting and talking and socializing, and walking and wandering calmly are the most important categories studied in this research. 

The rural areas of the Central District of Sarein County are an important tourism center in Iran due to their unique natural location and human context so that they host many tourists every year. However, it has not been adequately successful yet due to the lack of sound planning. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate and measure the factors influencing the realization of creative rural tourism in this district.

To analyze the issue and achieve the research goal, the researchers adopted an applied methodology that used a survey design for data collection. The statistical population was all local managers and experts living in the rural areas of the Central District of Sarein County. The subject was analyzed by five indices, including flexibility and creativity, innovation, risktaking, leadership, and participation, using 22 indicators. Data were analyzed by singlesample t-test and confirmatory factor analysis. The software packages used were SPSS and AMOS.

The results showed that in the structural dimensions, the studied villages were open to new views and thoughts. On the other hand, they are in an optimal situation in flexibility and leadership. In the socio-cultural dimensions, the local people are open to adopting and sharing new cultures and regulations in the villages, so measures can be taken to develop the villages in this respect. Also, it can be said that in the economic dimensions, local people have more tendency toward risk and investment due to the wide perspective in the villages. Eventually, the results in the environmental dimension revealed that local people would accept to deliver a part of their rural lands for the construction of recreational centers or other modern activities that would increase the return of their lands for the sake of the growth and development of their villages. They showed high creativity in this respect. Regarding the significance of the test, it can be said that the creative tourism indices are at optimal levels in the villages of the Central District of Sarein.

To interpret the results, it can be said that the creative tourism indices are at an optimal level, reflecting the proactivity of the tourism industry in this region. The creative tourism indices in the Central District of Sarein County showed that the environmental dimension is in the first rank, implying the importance of the environmental criteria for local people and tourists. Also, the socio-cultural and economic indices were ranked next, which shows the regional need to consider the issues of indigenous culture, employment, and the decline in unemployment. Local people have been successful in this respect, too. A higher mean value of the structural index than the hypothetical mean of the community, as well, shows the success of these villages in the structural dimensions.

China, as a country with rising economic power and with mega-projects such as "Belt and Road Initiative", has economic, political and strategic requirements in different regions. On the other hand, Iran also has a significant capacity to participate in this initiative due to advantages such as its privileged geographical location, although this capacity is heavily influenced by the limitations and obstacles that challenge Iran's foreign policy and even the positive effects of interdependence turns into a complex category. Therefore, the present article is focused on the question of what are the most important factors affecting the convergence of relations between Iran and China in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative? The hypothetical answer is that Iran's geopolitical and geoeconomic position on the one hand and China's strategic and economic goals in connecting the four regions of Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula lead to a more convergent trend in the relations between Iran and China in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. to experience The finding of the study is that China's economy-oriented foreign policy overshadows the relationship based on mutual dependence against Iran's security-oriented foreign policy. Despite this, the entry of America and China into a new stage of competition and conflict provides Iran with the opportunity to take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative more than in the past. The research method is descriptive-analytical, relying on the description of existing trends in Iran-China relations, and based on the explanatory and deductive power of the interdependence theory.